Autoimmune Neuroinflammatory Diseases: Role of Interleukins
Autoimmune neuroinflammatory diseases are a group of disorders resulting from abnormal immune responses in the nervous system, causing inflammation and tissue damage. The interleukin (IL) family of cytokines, especially IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17, plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of these diseases. IL-1 is involved in the activation of
Efficacy of Tolebrutinib in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
B lymphocytes and myeloids are the major contributors of inflammation in multiple sclerosis. Tolebrutinib, an oral, CNS-penetrant, is an irreversible inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase which is an enzyme expressed on B lymphocytes,
Progression of Retinal Atrophy and Presence of Oligoclonal Bands as Indicators of Cognitive Decline in Multiple Sclerosis
Inflammatory and neurodegenerative pathological features lead to cognitive impairment in 50–70% of multiple sclerosis patients. Biomarkers of axonal damage in multiple sclerosis include macular ganglion cell layer and retinal nerve fiber
Immunomodulatory Effects of Sunlight in Multiple Sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis, a neuroinflammatory disease characterized by demyelinating lesions, often has a relapsing-remitting progression. Environmental factors such as poor sunlight exposure is believed to contribute to
Tumefactive Demyelination in MS patient
A 32-year-old man with tumefactive multiple sclerosis presented with an early onset of escalating gait unsteadiness, lower limb weakness, and four-day-long numbness. There was no preceding fever or associated trauma, neck pain or back pain. In the past, there were episodes of imbalance, dizziness, urinary urgency and incontinence. The neurological examination of right arms and […]
A Rare Presentation of Multiple Sclerosis
A 12-year-old girl with multiple sclerosis was presented with complaints of double vision primarily associated with straight and right gaze. She had an error of refraction, her slit lamp ophthalmic examination and fundus examination were normal. The right eye’s motion was restricted on extraocular muscle evaluation and no change in vision was found. Nodular foci […]